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Very little information about reproductive health care has protection from being solicited or subpoenaed as evidence to prosecute an individual in a court of law. Even information held by a health care provider, which the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (known as HIPPA) typically covers, if a judge deems it necessary for a case.

Some states, including and , have proposed laws to strengthen HIPPA protections and safeguard individuals who may travel from out of state to receive an abortion or other reproductive care. However, these laws aren't guaranteed, as Tsukayama illustrated with a hypothetical.

"If I'm a Missouri resident, I see my doctor in Missouri. [Then] I go to California for an abortion, and they put that in the system. My Missouri doctor could see it because they're still a covered entity. So it could be within the same medical record system. And if they were motivated to, they could report it. And we know of for seeking reproductive care."

The Biden administration has also made moves to protect reproductive care information at the federal level. On April 12, 2023, during the Task Force on Reproductive Healthcare Access' third meeting, the White House announced several actions to , including strengthening HIPPA privacy protections, helping protect student health information under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, and issuing new guidance about how to handle electronic medical records. However, these measures are severely limited unless Congress codifies such protections by law.

Despite these efforts, for receiving or helping someone else obtain an abortion based on unprotected data. Nebraska police charged a woman with helping her daughter receive an abortion after her Facebook messages were . Police in Mississippi charged another woman with illegally receiving an abortion after her revealed she had looked up how to "buy Misoprostol Abortion Pill Online" 10 days prior.

On a broader scale, an investigation by ProPublica revealed online pharmacies , opening the door for law enforcement to access that data.

Question marks and unknowns riddle the intersection of reproductive health care and data privacy. The current trend of various states moving to opposite sides of the reproductive rights spectrum will likely continue, according to Tsukayama, where conservative states like Texas ban abortions while more liberal states like California safeguard them. When asked about the likelihood of federal protections, Tsukayama painted an uncertain picture.

"Reproductive health care and abortions are a very divisive topic, so in the current Congress, I don't really know what the chances are of getting federal protection of some kind. This is maybe my bias being a person who looks at state legislatures far more than federal legislatures, but I think we're much more likely to see [regulations], protective and not, pass at the state level and to see that divide."

In addition to questions surrounding the movement of legislation, there are very few resources to determine how different companies protect their users' data. No matter what, all private entities are required to comply with legal investigations.

Many law enforcement processes are opaque, Tsukayama said, and it is unclear how often prosecutors will use social media and search history data and how aggressive police forces and other government entities will be in enforcing abortion regulations.

"There are a lot of laws on the books that aren't enforced that strongly. And obviously, there was a lot of political will to get some of these things passed," Tsukayama explained. "But it really is so up in the air: how aggressive the different states are going to be, how aggressive different counties are going to be. Is it just going to be a couple of counties with really aggressive law enforcement? Is it going to be a state priority?"

Beyond these questions targeted specifically at reproductive care, Tsukayama also mentioned that whatever happens with abortion rights sets a precedent for regulating other medically involved issues, such as gender-affirming care. Many states have passed or are attempting to pass bills —Tsukayama said this is an issue to watch.

In general, assume your information is not protected, Tsukayama recommended.

"It's really up to company policies to decide how they're going to sell or share information, how they're going to safeguard information. And they're also open to law enforcement," she continued. "There's just a lot of ways that data can tell a story and a lot of ways that it gets out and gets shared."

Overall, protecting your data privacy guards your reproductive rights. Familiarize yourself with protection guidance from organizations like and the . Read the privacy policies of services like period-tracking apps and online reproductive health care clinics. And look into privacy reviews of online services, like , to help guide your use.

Additionally, if you want to become involved on a more systemic level, legal advocacy groups like If/When/How—which is —strive to provide resources to those who are being prosecuted for receiving reproductive care.

"There are people thinking about [protecting reproductive rights through data privacy] and they're on your side," Tsukayama said.

Story editing by Brian Budzynski. Copy editing by Kristen Wegrzyn.